Water Conservancy and hydropower engineering geology and engineering geology for all these different sectors involved in the most qualified prestige Supreme hardest professional problems of the most complex tasks, which are well known beyond doubt. Computer applications in hydraulic engineering with broad development prospects, whether numerical calculation, database, application, or expert systems, network systems, are significant places; in particular engineering geological mapping (mainly refers to three dimensional problem), can be said that all professional computer graphics technology in the most complex and most difficult, is a worldwide problem in computer graphics, need our computer staff to explore geological studies.
Basically the starting point of the computer applications in hydraulic engineering and other professional sync, initial development was dramatic, after more than 10 years of hard work, along with the theme of reform and opening up, and spent from the start to the initial stages of development, entered a period of confusing stalemate, finally opened a grade toward polarization. More than 10 years of development, can be summed up as the early stage, development stage, stalemate and widen the difference in four phases.
Mid 80, PC-1500 pocket computer makes the most basic geological exploration team had the privilege of becoming owner of the computer. Compact machine for small calculation of engineering geology and hydrogeology, analysis of physical and mechanical test data consolidation, some small, simple graph drawing and so on. Many pocket computer of use their experience and achievements by dedicating, each kind of specialized technical publications posted on a large number of solutions to practical problems of the source program, spontaneously formed a free software library. Units and individuals of the exchanges is more casual and free application, to raise the level of application computer in the system as a whole has played an active role. Can say, Pocket Computer hot water conservancy hydroelectric system in the mid 80 ‘s, train talent for computer applications in the system, training team.
With the development of computer hardware and software technology, influx of PC series microcomputer market in China, domestic information technology also entered the practical stage of computer processing of Chinese characters, Chinese computer have a landmark breakthrough, water conservancy and hydropower engineering geology has entered a stage of development of good computer application. Systems leadership emphasis within some units have formed ‘ computer laboratory of engineering geology or computer group, equipped with a certain number of desktop computer, instead of some professional work in the computer application in engineering geology, have a professional team of computer applications in hydraulic engineering. This during, engineering geological professional computer application software has has is large development, draws drilling column shaped figure, and geological profile figure, and equivalent line figure, and section acting statistics figure, geological figure pieces may also reached computer out figure of practical level; database of application aspects, has has some preliminary practice and application planning; in engineering geological numerical calculation aspects, will year in Pocket machine Shang application more mature of some engineering geological calculation program moved to has microcomputer Shang, and continues to development has some new of calculation program. Together, these results reflect the geological computers gradually entered the practical stage.
Windows systems mature, platform, database, platform, and so on various programming tools, drawing, feature increasingly powerful. Computer application in water conservancy and hydropower engineering geology is naturally has a new development, mainly in the bored cylindrical mapping made some version updates, or some new progress in combination with the database, can use the profile database and data files in the AutoCAD environment to handle complex terrain, fault, non-borehole geological section of the control issues, reached the level of application. In its discussion on three-dimension model to achieve some progress on my computer, but from the practical levels there are quite a distance. Application level as a whole, basically no more major breakthroughs can propagate, here called “stalemate” or “stabilized” phase, of course, not necessarily very well. Society does not want unrest, political emphasis is stable, and science and technology in a stable state is equal to stagnation, and that is not what we want.
Development of computer application in water conservancy and hydropower engineering geological system imbalance, after starting, development, and stalemate phase quickly widen the difference will be the inevitable result. Mainly in the high level of units have established the Intranet survey system, can spread and geologic prospecting team of remote network communication, exchange of information engineering and management, computer plotting rate of more than 80, geological, geological analysis and arrangement of the information for the preparation of the report, and more are computerization has been reached.
Engineering geological professional is engineering capital of secondary tie sexual professional, in workers DAB, and mineral, and oil, and traffic, and coal, and power, industry sector are has engineering geological professional, given water hydropower engineering construction of particularity and complexity, makes water hydropower engineering geological is all these different industry of engineering geological professional in the involved surface most wide prestige Supreme problem most complex task most difficult of professional, this is known undoubtedly of. Computer applications in hydraulic engineering with broad development prospects, whether numerical calculation, database, application, or expert systems, network systems, are significant places; in particular engineering geological mapping (mainly refers to three dimensional problem), can be said that all professional computer graphics technology in the most complex and most difficult, is a worldwide problem in computer graphics, need our computer staff to explore geological studies.
Current situation analysis of causes of naturally has a deeper connotation, complexity of the limitations of the stage of social development, economic reform, institution of enterprise in the process of transition to non-adaptability and immediate interests and long-term development of contradiction, the old system of management and coordination of new operation mechanism of SB, it seems more and more complex, more analysis of the more confusing helpless. When we are good at the time to simplify the complex issues, the problem is obvious. Why some units in the same environment to walk in the forefront of the times, as long as the investigation of serious, is a common-sense conclusions can be drawn: talent.
A unit led to the development of science and technology a blind eye does not support this work, lack of leadership! No development plan, wisdom, talent shortages; development plan was bad, cannot be effective implementation of the Organization, management talent shortage; software and hardware system is dysfunctional, unable to play a benefit, or lack of professional talents of combining with computer; all in all, words: talent shortage. The nature of competition is the competition of talents, the talent shortage, or no real talent, or with a bad talent of enterprises will be eliminated by the market economy!
Currently most fashionable words: knowledge economy. Knowledge economy is the basis of the information technology, human society entered the information age, however, we also supplement lessons of the industrial age. Opportunities and challenges, industry repeatedly exclaimed, we missed the industrial civilization, must not and just miss the opportunity of information civilization, so golden opportunities, once lost, certainly is a castle in the knowledge economy.
We put aside all of the above analysis system and the real reasons, from the industry point of view of management and technology, is still two major problems, one is hardware, the second is software, their combined and more. The reconnaissance units to this attitude of the two major categories of issues widely, hardware, software, and all extremes is generally is heavy light light software, hardware configuration to play benefit application development light, heavy, light or heavy application development, popularization and improvement cannot be both, production and research cannot be simultaneously, and so on.
Software problem some more. For many years, dispersion, low levels of standardization of specialized application software, silo, very little communication and Exchange. Water Conservancy and hydropower investigation system software not conducted large-scale investment and development, but no formal developer or software organization to study exactly what we should develop software, what grades, on what criteria, certainly do not have decent software product in the commercial sense. In terms of management, planning and design of some programmes difficult to implement, input is not enough, weaknesses in the management or administrative difficulties.
In recent years, our exploration of another road is the road to free software. According to the reality of this system, our initiative the general geological development of computer enthusiasts themselves cannot form a software contributions out of a wide range of goods exchanged, received positive response. We will continue to advocate that this communication, as far as possible the creation of conditions for programming work to be the industry professional recognition, and thus be recognized by the community. Since 2000, we in RS and GPS technology, there is a substantial breakthrough, filled the blank in the surveying and mapping technology in this regard. Practices for aerial Photogrammetry aircraft taking aerial photos, Vexcel3000 and U1traScan5000 high precision scanner on pose stereopair aerial photographs and Centre (main) for digital scanning, generate a TIFF format image files. Using Shandong province water design homes introduced of Wuhan suitable General company development development of VirtuoZO312 full digital photography measurement system on image data and GPS outside industry like controlled information for air triangle measurement, and estimation empty three encryption precision, and full field broken Department point collection, and digital elevation model generated and edit, and digital are photography like generated, and are photography like measuring figure and digital line of figure edit and generated line designated figure, then for field supplement adjustable, last edit generated eventually of line designated figure, and conversion into Auto2CAD of DWG format of graphics file. Proven, RS, and compared with traditional ways of mapping GPS technology, not only greatly improves the accuracy and quality of the graphics, also increased productivity, reduce labor intensity and received considerable economic benefits.
Using GIS powerful integration of geographical data, store functionality for GPS, RS access to hydraulic engineering and product warehousing, systematic management for surveying and mapping results. For the further implementation of GIS features such as query, analysis has provided a good foundation. The development of management systems is to United States doing basic ESRI company developed the ARC/INFO software platform, at MicrosoftVisualBasic6 or MicrosoftVisualC++ development platform to support platforms to implement its functionality.
Terrain data (collected data such as GPS and total station instrument) entered into the system, after data is filtered into three dimensional vector data, further generating three-dimension terrain model DTM. Using interpolation methods, you can generate a higher precision of the DTM. DTM in the texture, lighting, and other rendering operations, that is, build lifelike digital terrain model of the whole survey area, adjust for road planning and design of water diversion project and provides a very important reference value.
Collaboration network in the area of software development principles: based software support and development of standard software, standards, research on strong professional software that is difficult. Despite hardware frequently generational, software crazy upgrade, but more is operating system, and text processing series software, and tools software, and database platform, and drawing platform,, these platform for basic meet popular operating system and programming tools of all professional sexual application software, are has one-way compatibility, therefore, professional application of Foundation sexual and standardization software has relative long-term stability of actual significance, not like those to commercial profit for purpose of software at any time eliminated at any time upgrade. It is clear that is the significance of standards based software development and software in the long run, investment sooner.
References:
[1] specification for engineering geological survey of the dyke, People’s Republic of China industry standards, SL/T188-96, China hydraulic press in 1997.
[2] Hong Kong Wei, accelerating realization of three dimensional solid geological model on your computer, hydro power, 1996.4th
[3] Chen Zuan, and Zou Xiaoan, and Wei Gang, overview of computer applications in hydraulic engineering and planning, water resources and hydropower engineering geology 1995.1th
[4] Wei Gang, and Ji Jianjiang, embankment engineering and environmental geology problem of the water resources planning and design, water resources and hydropower planning and Design Institute of water resources Institute magazine, issue 2000.
水利工程计算机应用
水利水电工程地质又是所有这些不同行业的工程地质专业中涉及面最广声望最高问题最复杂任务最艰巨的专业，这是众所周知毋庸置疑的。水利工程计算机应用具有广阔的发展前景，无论是数值计算、数据库应用，还是专家系统、网络系统，都大有用武之地；特别是工程地质制图(主要指三维问题)，可以说是所有专业计算机制图技术中最为复杂难度最大的，堪称计算机图形学中的世界性难题，很需要我们的地质计算机人员去探索研究。
水利工程计算机应用工作的起点基本上与其它专业同步，初期发展也是有声有色的，经过十多年的努力，伴随着改革开放的主旋律， 度过了从起步到发展的初级阶段， 进入令人困惑的相持时期，最终还是拉开了档次，走向两极分化。十多年的发展历程，可以概括为起步阶段、发展阶段、相持阶段和拉开档次等四个阶段。
八十年代中期，PC-1500 袖珍计算机使得最基层的地勘队有幸成为计算机的拥有者。袖珍机用于工程地质水文地质的一些小型计算，物理力学试验资料的分析整理，一些小型的简单图件的绘制等等。许多袖珍计算机的使用者们将自己的经验和成果无私奉献出来， 在各类专业技术刊物上登出了大量解决实际问题的源程序，自发地形成了自由软件库。单位和个人的应用程序的交流也比较随便和自由， 这对提高系统内计算机整体应用水平起到了积极的作用。可以这样说， 八十年代中期水利水电系统的袖珍计算机热，为系统内的计算机应用培养了人才，锻炼了队伍。
随着计算机硬件和软件技术的发展，PC 系列微机大量涌入中国市场，国内计算机处理汉字信息技术也进入了实用阶段，中国人应用计算机有了划时代的突破， 水利水电工程地质的计算机应用也进入了形势大好的发展阶段。系统内一些领导比较重视的单位相继组建了工程地质专业的微机室或电算组， 装备了一定数量的台式微机，部分地质师转而从事工程地质计算机应用工作，从此有了水利工程计算机应用的专业队伍。在此期间，工程地质专业计算机应用软件有了很大发展，绘制钻孔柱状图、地质剖面图、等值线图、节理统计图等地质图件亦可达到计算机出图的实用水平；数据库的应用方面，有了一些初步实践和应用规划；在工程地质数值计算方面， 将当年在袖珍机上应用较为成熟的一些工程地质计算程序搬到了微机上，并继续开发了一些新的计算程序。总之，这些成果反映出工程地质的计算机应用逐渐进入了实用阶段。
Windows 系统走向成熟，各类编程工具、制图平台、数据库平台等等，功能越来越强大。水利水电工程地质专业的计算机应用自然也有了新的发展， 主要表现在绘制钻孔柱状图作了一些版本更新，或与数据库的结合方面有些新进展，剖面图方面可以利用数据库和数据文件在AutoCAD 环境下处理复杂地形、断层构造、非钻孔控制的地质剖面等问题，达到了推广应用的水平。在探讨三维地模型于计算机上的实现亦有些新进展， 但离实用水平还有相当距离。就整体应用水平而言， 基本上没有更为可以宣扬的重大突破，在此称之为“相持”或“稳定”阶段,当然并不一定很合适。社会不希望动荡，政治强调的是稳定，而科学技术处于稳定状态就等于停滞不前，那可不是我们所希望的。
水利水电系统的工程地质计算机应用发展很不平衡， 经过起步、发展、相持阶段之后，迅速拉开档次就成为必然结果。主要表现在水平高的单位已经建立起了勘测系统的Intranet，可以与分散的地质队实现远程网络通讯，交换工程及管理信息，计算机出图率可达80 以上，地质报告的编写、地质资料的分析整理等等均已达到计算机化。
工程地质专业是工程基本建设的辅助配合性专业，在工民建、地矿、石油、交通、煤炭、电力等行业部门都有工程地质专业，鉴于水利水电工程建设的特殊性和复杂性， 使得水利水电工程地质又是所有这些不同行业的工程地质专业中涉及面最广声望最高问题最复杂任务最艰巨的专业，这是众所周知毋庸置疑的。水利工程计算机应用具有广阔的发展前景，无论是数值计算、数据库应用，还是专家系统、网络系统，都大有用武之地；特别是工程地质制图(主要指三维问题)，可以说是所有专业计算机制图技术中最为复杂难度最大的，堪称计算机图形学中的世界性难题，很需要我们的地质计算机人员去探索研究。
分析现状产生的原因，自然有其深层次的内涵，社会发展阶段的局限性、经济体制改革的复杂性、事业单位向企业化过渡进程中的不适应性、眼前利益与长远发展的矛盾性、旧的管理制度与新的运作机制的协调性…，似乎越理越复杂，越分析越使人困惑无奈。当我们善于将复杂问题简单化的时候，问题就十分明显化了。为什么一些单位在同样的大环境下能够走在时代的前列， 只要进行认真的调查研究，都可以得出一个常识性的结论：人才。
一个单位的领导对科学技术的发展熟视无睹，不支持此项工作，缺领导人才！ 没有发展规划，缺智谋人才；发展规划搞得不好，不能组织有效的实施， 缺组织管理人才； 软件与硬件系统运转不灵，不能发挥效益，缺应用专业与计算机相结合的复合型人才；总之，一句话：缺人才。竞争的实质是人才的竞争，那些缺人才，或不用真正的人才，或用不好人才的企业必将被市场经济所淘汰！
目前最时髦的词：知识经济。知识经济的基础是信息技术，人类社会进入了信息时代，然而，我们还在补工业时代的课。机遇与挑战同在，业界一再惊呼，我们没有赶上工业文明，决不能与信息文明失之交臂，如此千载难逢的机遇一旦失去，知识经济当然也就是空中楼阁。
我们撇开以上现状分析中的种种体制与现实方面的原因，单从行业管理与应用技术的角度来看， 仍然是两大类问题， 一是硬件，二是软件，其组合后的情况就更多了。各勘测单位对此两大类问题的态度差异较大，极端情况是对硬件软件都不以为然，一般情况是重硬件轻软件、重配置轻发挥效益、重开发轻应用、或重应用轻开发、普及与提高不能兼顾、生产与科研不能并举等等。
软件方面的问题更多一些。多年来，专业应用软件分散、标准化程度低，各自为政，很少沟通与交流。水利水电勘测系统的专业软件没有进行过规模性的投入和开发， 更没有正规的开发商或软件组织来研究到底我们应该开发什么样的软件，上什么档次，以什么为标准，当然也就不具备象样的商业意义上的软件产品。在行业管理方面，一些规划设计方案难以实施，投入不够，管理不力，或管理困难。
近年来，我们探讨的另一条路就是自由软件之路。根据本系统的实际情况， 我们倡议广大地质计算机爱好者们将自己开发的不能形成商品的软件贡献出来广泛进行交流，得到了积极响应。我们将继续倡导这一沟通交流方式， 尽可能创造条件使编程者的劳动得到本行业本专业的认可，进而得到社会的认可。自2000 年以来,我们在RS 和GPS 新技术利用方面有了实质性的突破,填补了该院测绘技术在这方面的空白。作业方式为航空摄影测量飞机拍摄航空照片,采用Vexcel3000 和U1traScan5000 高精度扫描仪对构成立体像对的航片及中心片(主片)进行扫描数字化,生成TIFF 格式影像数据文件。利用山东省水利设计院引进的武汉适普公司研制开发的VirtuoZO312 全数字化摄影测量系统对影像数据和GPS 外业像控资料进行空中三角测量、估算空三加密精度、全野外碎部点采集、数字高程模型生成和编辑、数字正摄影像生成、正摄影像测图和数字线化图编辑并生成线划图,然后进行野外补调,最后编辑生成最终的线划图, 并转换成Auto2CAD 的DWG 格式的图形文件。经实践证明,采用RS 和GPS 技术与传统的测图方式相比较,不仅大大提高了图形的精度和产品质量,也提高了工作效率,降低了劳动强度,收到了可观的经济效益。
利用GIS 强大的地理数据的集成、存储功能对于GPS、RS 获得水利工程数据和产品入库,进行测绘成果系统化管理。为进一步实现GIS 的查询、分析等功能提供了良好的基础。该管理系统的开发是以美国ESRI 公司研制的ARC/INFO 软件做基本平台, 以MicrosoftVisualBasic6或者MicrosoftVisualC++开发平台为辅助平台来实现其功能的。
将地形原始数据(GPS、全站仪等采集数据)输入到系统,经过数据过滤后转化为三维矢量数据,进一步生成三维地面模型DTM。利用内插手段,可以生成更高精度的DTM。DTM 在经纹理、光照等图先渲染操作,即生成逼真的整个测区数字地形模型,为调水工程的线路规划设计和调整提供了很重要的参考价值。
协作网在软件开发方面的原则是： 支持基础软件和标准软件的开发，制定标准，研究探讨专业性强难度大的软件。尽管硬件频繁换代，软件疯狂升级，但多是操作系统、文字处理系列软件、工具软件、数据库平台、制图平台等，这些平台对于基本符合流行操作系统和编程工具的各专业性应用软件，均具有单向兼容性，因此，专业应用的基础性和标准化软件具有相对长期稳定的实际意义，不会象那些以商业营利为目的的软件随时淘汰随时升级。显然，开发基础软件和标准软件的意义是长远的，迟早要投入的。
参考文献:
[1]《堤防工程地质勘察规程》, 中华人民共和国行业标准，SL/T188-96，中国水利出版社1997 年。
[2]韦港，加速三维实体地质模型在计算机上的实现,水力发电，1996.4 期
[3]陈祖安、邹小安、韦港，水利工程计算机应用概述与规划设想,水利水电工程地质1995.1 期
[4]韦港、冀建疆，堤防工程与环境地质问题，《水利规划设计》，水利部水利水电规划设计总院院刊，2000 年第1 期。
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