Sound legal system and very high level of organization of peasant Association, Japan agricultural products wholesale market efficiency offer strong support. And Japan similar to the scale of China’s agricultural producers are generally small, agricultural products logistics still need to be done through a wholesale market. Japan wholesale market for agricultural products on the successful experience we had very good inspiration and reference.
Due to geographical characteristics and historical reasons, Japan and the scale of China’s agricultural producers generally are relatively small, mainly via wholesale markets of agricultural products logistics completed. As the largest hub of channels and logistics of agricultural products, wholesale market can meet the seller and expand the scale of distribution and transaction space, demand for transaction cost savings, agricultural production is small scale and large market, great circulation objective contradiction between places. Internationally, the Japan wholesale markets for agricultural development have been recognized, in agricultural production has many similarities with China, its successful experience worthy of our study and reference.
First, Japan logistics of agricultural products wholesale market features a sound management system is a prerequisite for guarantee the efficiency of logistics and administrative efficiency. Japan after nearly a century of development, formed from the production of agricultural products only to set theory and institutional circulation.
To sum up, Japan agricultural products wholesale market has the following characteristics:
1. have a sound legal and regulatory support.
Laws to regulate the market construction and management, developed in an open, fair and just market environment, is Japan guarantee for the success of the wholesale markets of agricultural products. As early as 1921, Japan released the first part of the Central wholesale market law, opening of the Central wholesale market, management, transaction into the orbit of rule of law, and in 1923 opened Japan’s first Central wholesale markets of agricultural products. With the economic development and increasing of wholesale market position, Japan and in 1971 had revised the law, the Central wholesale market law to the wholesale market law, the local wholesale market but also into the orbit of rule of law, further established the logistics of agricultural products wholesale market circulation status. Once every 5 years later, local governments and departments concerned, in accordance with this law, formulate local laws and regulations and market rules. (1) after several amendments of the wholesale market law more strictly the principles of trade, make trading more of public, open, fair, very few violations occurred.
In addition, standardized management system also ensures the efficiency of the administrative functions of play. Japan’s production of agricultural products processing, safety and health management, postpartum, listing marketing, retail consumption, production and circulation of all aspects of administrative functions, unified centralized on agricultural Administration Department:
At the national level by circulation Council responsible for the administration of circulation of agricultural products, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, in the province, and city level by the local circulation is responsible for the exercise of the functions of the administrative departments of agriculture and forestry.
2. There is a very high level of organization of farmers ‘ associations.
Japan legal provisions must be run by the Government Central wholesale market, but local wholesale market run by the farmers ‘ society, companies and other corporate bodies.
Peasant Association is to organize Japan farmers into the circulation of key organizations, Japan agricultural association is based on the 1974 Congress passed the law on agricultural cooperative organizations, organized jointly by the farmers ‘ voluntary economic organizations of the masses, is a powerful economic force, non-government official help farmers economic organisations throughout the country. In every link of the circulation of agricultural products, such as a set of formation of the wholesale market and distribution center, logistics, business flow, information flow in organizations and played an irreplaceable role in organizations such as the check. Grass-roots peasant Association are typically built by the fair trade of agricultural products, the peasant Association members in charge of sales species, picking, packing, or refrigeration and organizations listed. Currently, the national agricultural association system a total of nearly 3,000 terms set. In addition, the agricultural association system also has the national transport Federation, consists of numerous transport organizations, ensuring the preservation degrees to quickly to the wholesale market for agricultural products. (2), 3. the efficient operation of the mechanism of competition.
For trading participants of wholesale markets have specific regulations and requirements, especially as a trading principal producers, wholesalers, retailers, have strict eligibility to admission to trading. In order to ensure competitive fitness, agent of each entry of wholesale market for wholesalers, has a strict limit on the number of intermediate wholesalers. In Japan, usually each agents were controlled in 2~6 persons in the wholesale market. (3) these shall abide by the rules, honesty, strength and credibility, to a foothold in the market, to win the confidence of producers, so that it can be stabilized, multiple channels, multiple cultivars for commissioned sales sources. In addition, used mainly on the price formation of auctions, wholesalers or brokers to participate in the sale of competitive bidding, to the highest bidder of buying a particular article.
Fierce competition makes a few powerful, well-managed wholesaler into wholesale company, while others are in fierce competition is eliminated.
4. There are strict market access system of agricultural products.
Supply of fresh produce, directly related to food safety and quality of national life. Japan’s main approach in this area include: from the hierarchy starting with packaging, establish a system of agricultural origin dates back; the quality certification of agricultural products, establishing agricultural brand and reputation through strengthening the management of production process, rapid detection and detection of chemical analysis on the combination of a series of tests to ensure food security; responsibilities clearly, by management system, quality inspection system from financial investment.
5. There is a modern trading methods and means.
Auction through the use of modern electronic devices, quickly and accurately handle loans settlement. In Japan, both buyers and sellers to be entrusted to a third party payment settlement business. Generally speaking, buyers to pay with a bank to wholesalers in 3-7 days, wholesalers through bank payment to the supplier in 1-4 days, so as to complete the checkout process.
Second, the Japan wholesale markets for agricultural development enlightenment and lessons.
Started in China’s agricultural products wholesale market in the mid 1980 of the 20th century, after more than 20 years of development, has been basically established centered on the wholesale market, by urban and rural markets, supermarkets and other retail outlets for the agricultural products market system based. Currently agricultural products wholesale market to more than 4,500 enterprises, carries about 70% of the tasks of agricultural products circulation of goods. (4) at present, China wholesale market generally fall into two categories: one built by the trade and industry or farmers ‘ group; the other is approved after the Government formally established. National wholesale market, a specification but lack of vitality and thus does not meet the expected economic benefits; spontaneously formed in the city’s wholesale markets, poor vigor and normal, both the need for further development and improvement. Throughout Japan course of development of agricultural products wholesale market, its efficient functioning depends mainly on the strong policy support and improve the regulatory system. Therefore, drawing Japan experience, in my view, should focus on the following areas to perfect China’s agricultural products wholesale market.
1. accelerate the construction of law system of Chinese agricultural products wholesale market.
To establish the logistics of agricultural products mainly in the wholesale market circulation status, specification creation, management and operation of the wholesale market system. Level of organization and management of wholesale markets for agricultural products in China are relatively low standardized, it is difficult to meet the development needs of the market economy, one of the most important reason is that the wholesale market law construction of serious lag. Due to the lack of market regulations, many practical problems difficult to solve. In addition, the administration system of China’s existing market lags, unknown scope of responsibilities and rights relevant functional departments, overlapping functions, makes on the wholesale market management, policies are not uniform, not on standard, failing to prevarication, administrative inefficiencies.
Therefore, drawing Japan experience of establishing wholesale market regulatory system, should develop an agricultural products wholesale market law as soon as possible, to ensure that the standard operation of the wholesale market for agricultural products, achieve the objective of fairness, impartiality, efficiency and role as a hub for agricultural products logistics wholesale market can bring into full play.
2. cultivate scale operation of modern wholesaler, activate the wholesale market for agricultural products.
At present, China wholesale market management main body is the standardization of plan formation in the system of purchase and sale of State companies and businesses, and spontaneously formed in the city’s wholesale markets, entry of any transaction subject to transactions. Real dealers or independent, self-financed, wholesale of a certain size without cultivating well. Agricultural products wholesale market in the future should not be the collection of individual booths, instead, is a collection of wholesale enterprises. Inevitability of market competition set, first in the law of the fittest on operators of scale, competition will result in many small scale operations are not supported out of the market, wholesale trade will eventually be concentrated and scale of operation. Therefore, while Government and wholesale market managers to boot existing operating main in accordance with the modern circulation way conversion operating industry State, big, and do u, and do strong, towards modern enterprise direction development; on the, to has plan to introduced large producers, and large wholesalers, and large agents admission operating, especially those in international and domestic are enjoyed is high popularity of brand enterprise, to actively created conditions attract they market, through they of standardization operating led wholesale market overall quality of improve.
3. fostering agricultural products circulation of an intermediary organization, improving the level of farmers ‘ participation in the flow of the organization.
Government actively guide and support the development of agricultural intermediary organization, the brokers, in particular from agricultural producers should pay attention to cultivating mature intermediaries and brokers. Through the establishment of a certain size and strength of intermediaries and brokers of agricultural products, improving the ability of fair trade agricultural products wholesale market, driving on the scale of production, processing and circulation of agricultural products. Farmers ‘ organizations on the issue of market access, due to various restrictions, always without substantive progress in all agricultural Association organized around much emphasis in the production of agricultural products, truly organized farmers market, for agricultural marketing organization numbered. Dispersed to participate in the market circulation of agricultural products, increased logistics and transaction costs on the one hand, cause diseconomies; on the other hand, lack of integration between farmers, significantly weakened the bargaining power of the, it is difficult to defend their interests. Currently, countries solve “three rural” problem, the core of which is to increase the income of farmers, farmers ‘ income level of the main agricultural products wholesale market is the decision places. Breeding intermediary organizations of agricultural products circulation, improving farmers ‘ participation in the flow of the level of organization, is conducive not only to the farmers, and that can stimulate structural adjustment of agriculture in China, promote the establishment of a new mode of distribution of agricultural products. Japan agricultural association and the United States and EC national sales cooperative development have fully proved this point.
4. the auction system actively and steadily implemented, improve the agricultural price formation mechanism.
Auction system is more universal application of international norms on the wholesale market price mechanism. Japan’s Central and local wholesale market is dominated by auction. Purchased through a buyer’s bid, make the price formation process open and transparent, can significantly improve the efficiency of distributed transmission of information, conducive to the rational trading decisions. In addition, the auction could make the same product sold the highest price. The buyer bid bidding in public decision making for a short time, was based on the constraints of operating efficiency and the expected profit, which is in line with resource optimal allocation principle, in favour of the profit-split a fair, open. However, China wholesale market as trading main business is small, large, numerous and liquidity transactions distributed features, makes the auction system and developmental constraints. Therefore, forcing large wholesaler of organizations on the one hand, to expand the deal size; on the other hand to promote the development of wholesale trade of Agency, to improve the trading organization, specialization, to provide good conditions for development of auction system.
5. the implementation of quality and safety market access system, guarantee quality and safety of agricultural products.
To implement the market access of agricultural products quality safety system, safeguard the interests of producers and consumers. Whole-process monitoring and traceability system through the establishment of agricultural product logistics, for agricultural producers, consumers and regulators to provide a means of scientific management of agricultural products and tools.
In addition, the Government should implement the qualification certification of agricultural products wholesale market subject, trading body bear the obligation to guarantee the operating safety of agricultural products harmless, if problems appear, cancel qualification, and in accordance with the relevant legal action in its responsibilities. Establishing agricultural product logistics credibility assurance system, the implementation of agricultural product supplier, underwriter and retailers, for the record, poor record system joint responsibility for reporting systems and safety of agricultural products. Through the means of agricultural products quality supervision and management system implementation, ensuring quality and safety of agricultural products.
References:
(1) macro in mountain cities. Japan agricultural products wholesale market model [j]. China, 2004, (09).
(2) Liu Wenjie, Wei Heng, the experience and enlightenment of foreign agricultural products logistics [j]. scientific and technical information of China, 2005, (24).
(3) within the River. Japan wholesale market trading rules seminars [j]. reference, 2004, (02).
(4) Cen Jianglong. The application of modern logistics management to promote the circulation of agricultural products [j]. Journal of Southwest University for nationalities (Humanities and social sciences Edition), 2005, (07).
日本农产品批发市场的发展对我国的借鉴
[摘要]健全的法规体系及组织化程度极高的农协，为日本农产品批发市场的高效运转提供了强大的支撑。和日本相似，我国农业生产者规模也普遍较小，农产品物流主要仍需通过批发市场完成。日本农产品批发市场的成功经验对我们有很好的启示和借鉴。
[关键词]日本 农产品 批发市场 借鉴。
由于地域特征和历史原因，日本和我国农业生产者规模普遍都比较小，农产品物流主要借助于批发市场完成。作为农产品物流中最大的通道及枢纽，批发市场可以满足买卖双方扩大运销规模和交易空间、节省交易成本的需求，是解决小规模农业生产和大市场、大流通之间矛盾的客观场所。在国际上，日本农产品批发市场的发展已得到公认，对于在农业生产上与之有很多相似之处的中国来说，其成功的经验值得我们学习和借鉴。
一、日本农产品批发市场的特点健全的物流管理体制是保证物流效率和行政管理效率的前提条件。日本经过了近百年的发展，才形成了从农产品生产到流通一整套的理论和体制。
归纳起来，日本农产品批发市场具有以下主要特点：
1.有健全的法律法规作支撑。
以法律来规范市场建设和管理，培育出公开、公平、公正的市场环境，是日本农产品批发市场取得成功的保障。早在1921年日本就发布了第一部《中央批发市场法》，将中央批发市场的开设、管理、交易等纳入了法治轨道，并于1923年开设了日本第一家农产品中央批发市场。随着经济的发展和批发市场地位的日益提高，日本又于1971年修订了该法，将《中央批发市场法》改为《批发市场法》，将地方批发市场也纳入了法治轨道，进一步确立了以批发市场流通为主的农产品物流地位。以后每隔5年修订一次，各地方政府和有关部门依照该法制定地方性法规和市场运行规则。〔1〕经过几次修订的《批发市场法》更加严格了交易原则，使交易活动更具公共、公开、公正性，很少发生违法现象。
另外，统一规范的管理体制也保证了行政职能的高效发挥。日本将农产品的生产管理、产后加工、安全卫生、上市运销、零售消费等生产和流通诸环节的行政管理职能，统一归口于农业行政管理部门：
在全国层面上由农林水产省流通局负责农产品的流通行政管理，在省、市级层面上由地方农林行政部门的流通室负责行使职能。
2.有组织化程度极高的农民协会。
日本法律规定，中央批发市场必须由政府开办，但地方批发市场可以由农协、商社等法人团体开办。
农协是组织日本农民进入流通领域的关键组织，日本农协是根据1974年国会通过的《农业协同组织法》，由农户自愿联合组织起来的群众经济组织，是一个拥有强大经济力量的、遍及全国的民办官助农民经济团体。在农产品流通的各环节，如组建批发市场和集配中心，组织物流、商流、信息流及组织结账等方面发挥了不可替代的作用。基层农协一般都建有农产品集贸所，负责本农协成员产品的售种、挑选、包装或冷藏，然后组织上市。目前，全国农协系统共有集货所近3000个。此外，农协系统还有全国运输联合会，下设众多运输组织，充分保证了农产品以高保鲜度迅速运到批发市场。〔2〕3.有高效运行的竞争机制。
对于批发市场的交易参加者有具体的规定和要求，特别是作为交易主体的生产者、批发商、零售商等都要进行严格的资格审查才能进场交易。为了保证竞争适度，每个批发市场对进场的代理批发商、中间批发商的数量都有严格限制。在日本，通常每个批发市场内的代理商被控制在2~6人。〔3〕这些人要靠恪守法规、诚实、有实力、有信誉，才能在市场中站住脚，以赢得生产者的信任，使其可以稳定、多渠道、多品种地获得委托销售货源。另外，在价格的形成上主要采用拍卖制，经纪批发商或参加买卖者进行激烈的竞买，以出价最高者买取某一物品。
激烈的竞争使得少数有实力、经营得法的批发商发展成为批发株式会社，有的则在激烈的竞争中被淘汰。
4.有严格的农产品市场准入制度。
鲜活农产品的供应，直接关系国民生活的质量与食品安全。日本在这方面的主要做法包括：从分级包装入手，建立农产品产地追溯制度；推行农产品质量认证，建立农产品品牌和信誉；通过加强生产过程管理，实施快速检测与化学分析检测结合的一系列检测手段，确保食品安全；管理部门职责明确、体系健全，质量检测体系建设由财政投入。
5.有现代化的交易方式和手段。
通过采用现代化的电子设备进行拍卖交易，迅速、准确地处理货款结算。在日本，买卖双方要把货款结算业务委托给第三者处理。一般来说，买方在3~7天之内要通过银行向批发商付款，批发商在1~4天内通过银行向供货人付款，从而完成结算过程。
二、日本农产品批发市场的发展对我国的启示和借鉴。
我国农产品批发市场起步于20世纪80年代中期，经过20多年的发展，已基本建立起以批发市场为中心，以城乡集贸市场、连锁超市和其它零售网点为基础的农产品市场体系。目前全国农产品批发市场发展到4500多家，承担着约70%的商品农产品流通任务。〔4〕目前，我国的批发市场大体分为两类：一类是由工商局或农民集体兴建；另一类是经过政府批准正式建立。国家级的批发市场，较规范但活力不足从而未达到预期的经济效益；自发形成于市的批发市场，有活力而规范性差，二者都需要进一步发展和完善。纵观日本农产品批发市场的发展历程，其高效运作主要取决于有力的政策支持和完善的法规体系。因此，借鉴日本成功经验，笔者认为，应该着力从以下方面完善我国农产品批发市场。
1.加快我国农产品批发市场的法规体系建设。
要确立以批发市场流通为主的农产品物流地位，规范批发市场的开设、管理与经营制度。我国农产品批发市场的组织化程度和管理规范化程度都比较低，难以适应市场经济的发展需要，其中最重要的原因就是批发市场法规建设严重滞后。由于缺乏市场法规，许多实际问题难以解决。另外，我国现行的市场行政管理体制滞后，有关职能部门责权范围不明，职能交叉，使得批发市场管理上、政策上不统一、不规范，遇事相互推诿，行政效率低下。
因此，借鉴日本建立批发市场法规体系的经验，应尽快制定一部中国农产品批发市场法，以保证农产品批发市场的规范运作，达到公平、公正、效率的目的，使批发市场作为农产品物流的枢纽作用能够充分发挥。
2.培育规模化经营的现代批发商，激活农产品批发市场。
目前，我国规范化的批发市场经营主体都是计划购销体制下形成的国营公司或企业，而自发形成于市的批发市场，任何交易主体都能进场交易。真正的中间商或独立的、自负盈亏的、具有一定规模的批发业者没有很好地培育起来。未来的农产品批发市场不应该是个体摊位的集合，而应该是批发企业的集合。市场竞争必然走向集中，优胜劣汰的规律首先表现在经营者规模经济效益上，竞争必将导致许多小规模经营者无法支持而退出市场，批发业最终将是集中与规模经营。因此，一方面政府和批发市场管理者要引导现有经营主体按照现代流通方式转换经营业态，做大、做优、做强，朝着现代企业方向发展；另一方面，要有计划地引进大生产商、大批发商、大代理商入场经营，尤其是那些在国际和国内都享有很高知名度的品牌企业，要积极创造条件吸引他们入市，通过他们的规范化经营带动批发市场整体素质的提高。
3.培育农产品流通中介组织，提高农民参与流通的组织化程度。
政府积极引导、扶持农产品中介组织、经纪人队伍发展，特别是应重视从农业生产者中培育成熟中介组织和经纪人队伍。通过建立一支具有一定规模和实力的农产品中介组织和经纪人队伍，提高农产品批发市场集贸能力，带动农产品生产、加工和流通上规模。在农民组织起来进入市场的问题上，由于种种限制，始终没有实质性进展，各地各种农协组织多偏重于农产品生产，真正组织农民进入市场、实现农产品销售的组织屈指可数。农产品分散地参与市场流通，一方面增加了物流和交易费用，造成规模不经济；另一方面，农户之间缺乏整合，大大削弱了其讨价还价的能力，难以保护自身利益。当前，国家着力解决“三农”问题，其核心是增加农民收入，农产品批发市场是决定农民收入高低的主要场所。培育农产品流通中介组织，提高农民参与流通的组织化程度，不但有利于农民增收，而且能带动我国农业的结构性调整，促进农产品流通新模式的建立。日本农协以及美国和欧共体国家销售合作社的发展已充分证明了这一点。
4.积极稳妥地推行拍卖制，健全农产品价格形成机制。
拍卖制是国际上规范批发市场价格机制较为普遍运用的方式。日本的中央、地方批发市场都以拍卖制为主。通过买方的竞价购买，使价格的形成过程公开透明，能明显提高信息的集散传播效率，有利于理性的交易决策。另外，拍卖能使同一批产品卖出最高价格。买方投标竞价在公开场合短时间决策，依据的是经营效率和预期利润的约束，这既符合资源优化配置原则，又有利于利润分割的公平、公开。但是，目前我国批发市场由于交易主体经营规模小、流动性大、数量众多、交易分散等特点，使得拍卖制的产生与发育受到制约。因此，一方面要催育大型的批发商组织，以扩大交易规模；另一方面要促进委托代理批发贸易的发展，以提高交易的组织化、专业化程度，从而为拍卖制的发展提供良好的条件。
5.实施质量安全市场准入制度，保障农产品质量安全。
要实施农产品质量安全市场准入制度，维护生产者和消费者的利益。通过建立农产品物流全程监控与可追溯系统，为农产品的生产者、消费者以及农产品监管部门提供一个科学的管理手段和工具。
此外，政府应该实行农产品批发市场交易主体的资质认证，交易主体承担保证经营农产品安全无害的义务，如出现问题，取消其经营资质，并按照有关法律追究其责任。建立农产品物流信誉保障体系，实行对农产品供应人、承销人和零售商的备案、不良记录通报制度和农产品安全责任连带制度。通过系统的农产品质量监督管理手段的实施，确保农产品质量安全。
参考文献：
〔1〕山城宏。日本农产品批发市场模式[J].中国市场，2004, （09）。
〔2〕刘文杰，韦 恒，国外农产品物流的经验及启示[J].中国科技信息， 2005, （24）。
〔3〕大河内。日本批发市场交易规则讲座[J].参考资料， 2004, （02）。
〔4〕岑江龙。应用现代物流管理促进农产品流通[J].西南民族大学学报（人文社科版）， 2005, （07）。
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